Summary:
Covers future passive participle (also called gerundive) and how to construct verb class 5.
Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two
Session deals with: VOL2, L24, PG 116-123
Future Passive Participle (fpp) / Gerundive:
- Exactly like PPP, except implies command/suggestion of what is to be done in the future.
- Comparison:
| PPP (Present Passive Participle) | FPP (Future Passive Participle) |
| Book was read by the boy.
pustakam bālena paṭhitam |
Book is to be read by the boy.
pustakam bālena paṭhanīyam / paṭhitavyam / pāṭhyam |
| Rāma united with Sīta.
rāmaḥ sītayā yuktaḥ |
Rāma is to be united with Sīta.
rāmaḥ sītayā yojanīyaḥ / yoktavyaḥ / yogyaḥ |
| The drink of nectar was drunk by me.
aṃrtasya peyaḥ mayā pītaḥ |
The drink of nectar is to be drunk by me.
aṃrtasya peyaḥ mayā pānīyaḥ / pātavyaḥ / peyaḥ |
- ABOUT Future Passive Participles (also called Gerundive):
- See it as COMMAND/FIRM SUGGESTION. Meaning, can also be used like an Imperative.
- Imperative = Do it NOW!
- FPP = Do it in the future!
- Remember it as: “It is to be __ed/__en”.
- Other alternatives: It is to be / It will be / It should be / It must be obtained!
- FPP declines same as the word it qualifies.
- FPP can be used as ADJ/NOUN/VERB. In most cases, acts as a VERB.
- RULES:
- If FPP is not qualifying any word, then decline it in: NEUTER (NOM, SING).
- EG: It is to be protected by me! : mayā goptavyam (Neuter, NOM, SING)
- Recasting: English sentence must be recast in FPP compatible format, before translating to Sanskrit.
- EG: The king must lead the horse > recast > The horse is to be led by the king. (OR) Let the horse be led by the king!
- If FPP is not qualifying any word, then decline it in: NEUTER (NOM, SING).
- See it as COMMAND/FIRM SUGGESTION. Meaning, can also be used like an Imperative.
- CONSTRUCTION FORMULA:
- guṇa(rarely vṛddhi)√root + -anīya अनीय -tavya तव्य -ya य + LRB1,2,3
- Example:
| ROOT | anīya अनीय | tavya तव्य | ya य |
| √kṛ कृ | guṇa: kar(anīya) कर्(अनीय) |
guṇa: kar(tavya) कर्(तव्य) |
vṛddhi: (rare case when it's not guṇa) kār(ya) कार्(य) |
VERB CLASS 5:
- How to form stem?
- Single (strong forms) : √root + no नो
- Dual/Plural (weak forms) : √root + nu नु
- Most Class 5 roots end in vowel.
- Example Class 5 Paradigm:
Homework:
- PG 118-120: Say all FPP words, out loud, for familiarity.
- PG123: Go over vocab.
- PG124: Do all exercises in 6 & 7.
Questions:
You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.
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Recorded 27 March, 2022