Lesson 68: Sanskrit for Beginners Course: P.Adj, Verb Class 2 & 9
Summary:
Covers Pronominal adjectives, Verb Class 2, 9, and summary of all 10 Verb classes.
Source: Introduction to Sanskrit (4th Ed) – Thomas Egenes – Part Two
Session deals with: VOL2, L25, PG 134-142
Pronominal Adjectives:
- Paradigm can be found on (Garden PG3 #36).
- What are they?
- Adjectives that decline like pronouns (Garden PG3 #37-39).
- RULE: Neuter (Single, NOM/ACC) ends with “m म्” and not “t त्“.
- The blue words are exempt from this rule (see table below). Meaning their Neuter (Single, NOM/ACC) will end in “t त्“
| Pronominal Adjectives: | |
| adhara अधर | inferior (little value), lower (location) / west |
| antara अन्तर | other |
| anya / itara अन्य / इतर |
other (then…), different (from…), opposed to… |
| anyatara अन्यतर | either (of the two…), other (then…), different (from…) |
| apara अपर | inferior / other (eg: other then…) |
| avara अवर | inferior / posterior (situated behind) / west |
| dakṣiṇa दक्षिण | south |
| ekatama एकतम | one of many |
| ekatara एकतर | either (one of two OR one of many). |
| katama कतम | Who or which (of two/many)? |
| katara कतर | Who or which of the two? |
| para पर | higher, beyond, supreme |
| pūrva पूर्व | former, prior, previous, before / east |
| sarva सर्व | all, every |
| sva स्व | own |
| ubha / ubhaya उभ / उभय | both (used in dual only) |
| uttara उत्तर | subsequent (later, following, next [in time]) / north |
- Sentence Examples:
| sarve bālāḥ सर्वे बालाः |
All boys. |
| sarvāḥ kanyāḥ सर्वाः कन्याः |
All girls. |
| saravāni phalāni सरवानि फलानि |
All fruits |
| bālaḥ (anyasmāt gajāt) āgacchati बालः (अन्यस्मात् गजात्) आगच्छति |
Boy comes from (the other elephant). |
| bālaḥ (sarvāṇi pustakāni) paṭhati बालः (सर्वाणि पुस्तकानि) पठति |
Boy reads all the books. |
| anyasmin grāme अन्यस्मिन् ग्रामे | In the other village. |
| rāmaḥ kenāpi tasya (svam grāmam) gamiṣyati रामः केनापि तस्य (स्वम् ग्रामम्) गमिष्यति |
Rāma will go with anyone to his (own village). |
VERB CLASS 2:
- Construction Formula:
- Single (strong forms):
- guṇa of √root + declension
- EG: √kṛ कृ 2U > kar कर् > karti कर्ति : He does/makes.
- guṇa of √root + declension
- Dual/Plural (weak forms):
- √root + declension
- EG: √kṛ कृ 2U > kṛmaḥ कृमः : We do/make.
- √root + declension
- Single (strong forms):
- Most common root is: √as अस् 2P (is, exists).
VERB CLASS 9:
- Construction Formula:
- Single (strong forms):
- √root + nā ना + declension
- EG: √krī क्री 9U > krīṇāti क्रीणाति : He purchases.
- √root + nā ना + declension
- Dual/Plural (weak forms):
- √root + nī नी + declension
- EG: √krī क्री 9U > krīṇīmaḥ क्रीणीमः : We purchase.
- √root + nī नी + declension
- Single (strong forms):
- Few roots in Class 9. Most common is: √jñā ज्ञा 9U (know).
VERB CLASS NAMES & SUMMARY:
- Construction formula for all 10 Verb classes found in VOL2, PG141. OR in Garden PG5, inside Present Tense. Verb class construction formula will be in pink.
- Verb class names:
- Class 1: bhvādiḥ भ्वादिः
- Class 2: adādiḥ अदादिः
- Class 3: juhotyādiḥ जुहोत्यादिः
- Class 4: divādiḥ दिवादिः
- Class 5: svādiḥ स्वादिः
- Class 6: tudādiḥ तुदादिः
- Class 7: rudhādiḥ रुधादिः
- Class 8: tanādiḥ तनादिः
- Class 9: kryādiḥ क्र्यादिः
- Class 10: curādiḥ चुरादिः
Homework:
- STEP 1:
- Say out loud the paradigm on PG136 (or Garden PG3 #36), PG137-140.
- STEP 2:
- PG143: Familiarize with vocab . Write out the word 1x (helps memory).
- STEP 3:
- PG144-147: Do all exercises in 6 & 7.
- STEP 4:
- PG130: Attempt to translate the verse.
- Break down sandhi.
- Write english definition top of each word.
- Translate.
- Compare your translation to author's.
- PG130: Attempt to translate the verse.
- STEP 5:
- Read PG132-133.
Questions:
You'll have more questions throughout the course. How to ask? Leave in comments below, so others can also benefit. We'll respond within 48 hours. Only ask specific to this Lesson.
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Recorded 12 May, 2022