Absolute

(Form of: Present Participle)

• (NOM ACC VERB) (NOM ACC VERB). Two sets of action happening on LEFT & RIGHT side of sentence. EG: (While Rāma is hunting deer), (Sītā cooks food).
• Construction is 100% identical to Present Participle, except it makes sentence start with: While/When/As/Even though…
• RULE: The LEFT side of sentence (both the NOM & Present Participle verb) takes either LOC or GEN.
• Can also be used with Past Participle.

LOC: P/Ā locative of Present Participle. 

GEN: P/Ā genitive of Present Participle.

If “api” after LOC/GEN Present Participle verb, then sentence starts with: “Even though/while…”

1. LOC: (While/when/as Rāma is speaking), boy hears.
   
2. LOC + ‘api‘: (Even though king is singing), boy doesn't hear him.
   
3. ‘api‘ can also be used without LOC/GEN:
   (Even though king is singing), boy doesn't hear him.
4. LOC: (When Rama goes to forest), Sita goes.
5. GEN: (While the king was speaking), the boy laughed.
   
6. GEN: (While he looks), she goes.

1. (rāme^loc bhāṣamāne^loc) balaḥ śṛṇoti
   
2. (rājñi^loc gāyati^loc api) balaḥ tam na śṛṇoti
   
3. (rājā^nom gāyan^nom api) balaḥ tam na śṛṇoti
4. (rāme^loc vanam gacchati^loc) sītā gacchati
5. (rājñaḥ^gen bhāṣamāṇasya^gen) bālaḥ ahasat
   
6. (tasya^gen paśyataḥ^gen) sā gacchati

• Expresses the SUBJECT'S wish, hope or blessing. English equivalent, “May you be healthy. May I become successful. I do not see what would/may remove my sorrow”.
• Used mainly for uttering blessings or prayers.
• RARE.

P: √  +  yā  +    [Garden PG4 (59)]

1. P: May Rāma be the king!
2. P: May we remember the knowledge.
3. Ā: May you perform the auspicious ritual today!

1. rāmaḥ nṛpaḥ bhūyāt
2. vidyām smaryāsma
3. suyajñam adya kṛṣīṣṭhāḥ

• COMMAND. Expresses: instruction, invitation, request, prayer and benediction.
• 2nd person for casual. EG: You MUST (ought to)__! Leave now!
• 3rd person for polite-ness. EG: Let/may the guru eat the fruit!  (Since it's impolite to say: Guru, eat the fruit!)
• Used interchangeably with Optative.
• Negated with mā.
• Read more.

1. ^(You) Listen, son!
2. You must^{(ought to)} go to the forest! / Go to the forest!
3. POLITE: Let/may the guru eat the fruit!
4. POLITE: May my friends be satisfied!

1. he putra^voc  śṛṇu
2. tvam vanam gaccha
3. guruḥ phalam khādatu
4. mama mitrāni sukhitāni bhavantu

• Shows purpose. EG: to eat, to learn
  
• Sometimes replaces Dative.
  
• Negated with na.
• Read more.

1. Rāma wants to go.
   
2. Rāma does not desire to come from the forest.
   
3. Passive: Book is able to be read (by the boy).

1. rāmaḥ gantum icchati
   
2. rāmaḥ vanāt āgantum na icchati
   
3. bālena pustakam paṭhitum śakyate

• It's a negative Imperative. Hence preceded with mā (not).
• Constructed from Aorist's 7 forms.
• Removed in Classical Sanskrit (same fate of Aorist) because too complex. Replaced by Imperative.
• RARE.

1. Don't do that!
2. Let Bharata not be the king! / Bharata must not be…
3. O Arjuna, you must not go to weakness!

1. tat mā kārṣīt ^{(√kṛ 8U)}
2. bharataḥ rājā mā bhūt ^{(√bhū 1P)}
3. he arjuna, klaibyam mā gamaḥ

• Expresses a WISH. Indicates either (A) “Should/Had better”, or (B) “Might/May/Would” perform the action.
• Think of it as a gentle order (less forceful then Imperative), advice, expectation, suggestion.
• Can be used interchangeably with Imperative, if using “should”.
  
• Read more.

1. Rāma should obtain Sītā!
2. You should be a Pundit!
3. He who wishes for peace should go to the forest.
4. These boys might play in the pond!
5. If mother should not come, then daughter might die. ^{(LIT: might become dead)}
6. In that house, you ^(pl) may not find food.
7. If Rāma should not return from the forest, then I would die!

1. rāmaḥ sītam labheta
2. paṇḍitam bhaveḥ
3. yaḥ sāntim icchati, sa vanam caret
4. bālāḥ vāpyām dīvyeyuḥ
5. yadi mātā na āgacchet, tarhi kanyā mṛtā bhavet
6. tasmin gṛhe, āhāram na labhedhvam
7. yadi rāmaḥ vanāt na pratigacchet, tarhi aham mriyeya

• Action is done now.
• Adding “sma” turns it into Imperfect.

Construction for 10 verb classes found in [Garden PG5].

P/Ā endings: [Garden PG4 (43, 44 / 51, 52)]

1. Man goes (is going / goes).
2. Boy speaks (is speaking / speaks).
3. Can use to make Imperfect: Boy spoke to his sister.
4. Can indicate Present Indicative via Present Passive: The man/men runs. ^{(LIT: It is run by the man/men.)}

1. naraḥ gacchati
2. bālaḥ bhāṣate
3. bālaḥ tasya svasāram vadati sma
4. narena/naraiḥ^inst dhāvyate ^{(always in Single)}
   

• –ing.  (EG: walking, speaking, doing)
• (LEFT SIDE) (RIGHT SIDE). Used like Gerund; it's placed on LEFT side of sentence.
• Acts like ADJ. Takes Gender/Num/Case^(optional)  of the Subject or Noun which the Present Participle is referring to.
• Read more (has many rules).

SIMPLIFIED:
P/Ā: √  +  [Garden PG7]

TECHNICAL:
P: √  +  at  +  [Garden (12, 31, 32)].

Ā: STEM + māna/āna + [Garden (1, 2)]

1. (Going to the forest), Rāma sees a deer.
2. (Seeing the deer), Sītā speaks to Rāma.
3. (Speaking to Sīta), Rāma kisses her.
4. Boy runs (from the falling house).
5. Having seen Rama approaching, all stood up.
6. Speaking, she walks.
7. The (approaching Rāma) saw the (laughing sage).
8. (Seeing the demons), the sages abandoned the awful forest.

1. (vanam gacchan) rāmaḥ mṛgam paśyati
2. (mṛgam paśyanī) sitā rāmam vadati
3. (sītām bhāṣamānaḥ) rāmaḥ tām cumbati
4. (patataḥ^n,abl gṛhāt^n,abl) bālaḥ dhāvati
5. (rāmam^acc āgacchantam^acc dṛṣṭvā) sarve udatiṣṭhan
6. bhāṣamānā carati
7. (hasantam munim) (upagacchan rāmaḥ) apaśyat
8. (rakṣasān paśyantaḥ) munayaḥ ghoravanam atyajan

Present Passive Participle

(Form of: Present Participle)

• Being asked, being destroyed, etc
• Follows principles of Present Participle.

1. (Being led by Rāma), the army conquers the enemies.  ^{(Who is being led? Army. Thus declines like “army“)}
2. (Being asked by Krishna), Radha speaks.
3. (In the forest, being gone to ^(approached) by Rama), the sage was pleased to see him.
4. (The statement being spoken by me), comes from experience.
5. (The men being slain by the lion), cry for help.
6. (Being struck by Rama), the demons ran far from the forest.

1. (rāmeṇa nīyamānā) senā śatrūḥ jayati
2. (kṛṣṇena pṛcchyamānā) rādhā vadati
3. (rameṇa vane^loc gamyamāne^loc) muniḥ tam draṣṭum tuṣṭaḥ  ^{(In this eg, the Participle agrees with the Object.)}
4. (mayā vacanam bhāṣyamānam) kauśalāt āgacchat
5. (siṃhena narān hanyamānān) upkārāya krośanti
6. (rameṇa tudyamānāḥ) rakṣasāḥ vanāt dūram adhāvan

• (is / are / are being)^optional  –ed. 
• EG: protected, is protected,  are desired,  are being desired.
• ADJ. Same case/gender/num as noun it's referring to.
• The OBJECT is in NOM. The SUBJECT in other cases.
• Family: Imperfect Passive, Future Passive.
• Read more | More examples: 1, 2.

1. Book  (is / is being) read  by the boy.
2. Scriptures (are / are being) heard by steady minds.
3. Anger (is) called enemy of the wise.
4. Bliss attained by yogis, should be obtained by all.
5. I am desired passionately^adv by my wife.
6. Tree is walked (to) by Rāma.

1. pustakam^nom  bālena  paṭhyate
2. śrutiḥ niścalamanobhiḥ śrūyate
3. krodhaḥ manīṣinśatruḥ ucyate
4. ānandaḥ yogibhiḥ prāpyate, sarvaiḥ āpanīyaḥ
5. aham mama bhāryayā mandanena iṣye
6. vṛkṣaḥ rāmena caryate

• Happened TODAY.
• Rare in classic. Common in Vedic.
• Read more (has many rules).

◄ For efficiency, formula is on left side.

1. Form 1: Rāma went to the deer. 
2. Form 2: Guru released me from bondage.
3. Form 3: Sītā went to the house. 
4. Form 4: Rāma touched Sītā gently.
5. Form 5: We went to meet the guru. 
6. Form 6: The armies led the soldiers into battle.
7. Form 7: Our ignorance covered our discernment. 

1. rāmaḥ mṛgram agamat
2. guruḥ bandhāt mām amucata
3. sītā gṛham ajīgamat
4. rāmaḥ sītām sadayena aspṛkṣat
5. vayam gurum militum ayāsiṣma ^{(√yā 2P: go)}
6. senāḥ yuddhe sainikān anaiṣuḥ  ^{(√nī 1U: lead)}
7. askmākam avidyā svavivekam avariṣṭa ^{(√vṛ 1U: cover)}

• Indicates: would have
• Rarely used.
• Read more.

1. Rāma would have gone to forest without Lakshman.
2. Rāma would have been the king.
3. Had the boy not stolen the thing, his mother would not have punished him. ^{(LIT: Would have not the boy stolen the thing…)}
4. If men would have come, then I would have been killed.
5. If they would have come by a good road, the cart would have not fallen.

1. rāmaḥ lakṣmaṇā vinā vanam agamiṣyat
2. rāmaḥ rājānam abhaviṣyat
3. bālaḥ viṣayam na acorayiṣyat, tasya mātā tam na atarjiṣyat
4. yadi narāḥ agamiṣyan tadā hataḥ abhaviṣyam
5. sumārgeṇ ced āyāsyan, śakaṭam na apatiṣyat

Gerund / Absolutive / Indeclinable
Past Participle
Sanskrit Names: ktvā / tvānta / ktvānta / lyabanta / lyap

• Indicates prior COMPLETED action. Having seen __  / After seeing __.
• ACC comes before it.
• Read more.

Indeclinable.
√ + tvā
If prefix, then: √ + ya / yā^(fem)

1. Having abandoned^{(After abandoning)} the fire.
2. PREFIX: Having obtained wisdom, I teach.

1. agnim^acc  hitvā
2. manīṣām prāpya^{(pra + √āp 5P + ya)}, upadiśāmi

• Event happened in the past.
• Used interchangeably with: Perfect, Present Indicative sma, Past Participle.
• Read more.

a  +  √  +  P/Ā [Garden PG4 (45, 46 / 53, 54)]

1. The boy read the book.

1. bālaḥ pustakam apaṭhat

• was/were -ed.
• Use interchangeably with Past Passive Participle.
• Family: Present Passive, Future Passive.   

a + √ + ya + imperfect Ā [Garden PG4 (46)^{for all 10 verb classes}]

1. Book was read.
2. Bhima & Arjuna were seen by Kunti.
3. The stories were heard by the girls.
4. Only INST + Imperfect Passive: The flower/flowers was/were grown. ^{(LIT: It was grown by the flower/flowers.)} 

1. pustakam a(paṭh)(ya)ta
2. bhīmaḥ arjunaḥ ca kuntyā adṛṣyetām
3. kathāḥ kanyābhiḥ aśrūyanta
4. puṣpeṇa/puṣpaiḥ^inst  avardhata ^{(always in Single)}

• Past tense. Basically used like Imperfect, but with extra features.
• Can be used as: [1] VERB: Declines like the Subject of sentence (just like in Present/Future participle), [2] ADJ: Describes someone/thing, [3] NOUN: Stands on it's own (EG: He who conquered.)
• Negate with a / an.
• Related to “tavat” suffix.
• Used interchangeably with: Imperfect, Perfect, Present Indicative sma.
• Read more.

PPP  +  (mas, n): vat/vant  /  (fem): vatī  + decline like [Garden PG3 (31, 32)]

VERB:

1. Rāma went to the forest.
2. Sītā came from the river.
3. Negation: Sītā hasn't come from the river.
4. Scriptures conquered ignorance.

ADJ:

1. Rāma is one who has abandoned everything.
2. I saw (the man who ate the fruits).
3. The king spoke (to the man who remembered his mother).

VERB:

1. rāmaḥ^mas  vanam  gatavān^mas
2. sītā^fem  nadyāḥ  āgatavatī^fem
3. sītā^fem nadyāḥ anāgatavatī^fem
4. śāstrāniⁿ  avidyām  jitavantiⁿ

ADJ:

1. rāmaḥ sarvam tyaktavān asti
2. (phalāni khāditavantam naram) aham apaśyam
3. (tasya mātaram smṛtavantam naram) nṛpaḥ avadat

• (was/were |  has/have been)^optional  -ed, -en.
• EG: was protected, were protected,  have been desired,  has spoken.
• ADJ. Same case/gender/num as noun it's referring to.
• The OBJECT is in NOM. The SUBJECT in other cases (mostly INST).
• Negate with a / an.
• Read more.

√ + -ta -ita -īta -na + [Garden PG1 (1, 2)]

1. VERB:  Book (was/is) read                by the boy.
2. VERB:  Daughter (was/is)  desired  by the poet.
3. ADJ:  Established intellect.
4. COMPOUND:  Desired fruit.
5. COMPOUND: Kauravas saw dead bodies.
6. VERB: Enemy (was) hated  by the people.
7. Trees (were) seen                by Arjuna.
8. Sound (has been) heard     by the lady.

1. pustakam bālena paṭhitam
2. putrikā kavinā iṣṭā
3. sthitā prajñā
4. iṣṭaphalam
5. kauravāḥ mṛtadehān apaśyan
6. śatruḥ manuṣyaiḥ dviṣṭaḥ
7. vṛkṣāḥ arjunena     dṛṣṭaḥ
8. śabdaḥ nāryā          śrutaḥ

• Same as Imperfect, but not witnessed by the speaker.
• In practice, used interchangeably with Imperfect.
• Has additional reduplication & P/Ā rules.
• Read more.

^redup√  +  [ (P: Single = apply guṇa to root | Dual/Pl = leave root alone)   (Ā: S/D/P = leave root alone) ]  +  (potential ‘ i ‘)  +  [Garden PG4 (61, 62)]

1. Sage spoke to Rāma.
2. I was there.
3. She pushed the boy.

1. muniḥ rāmam uvāca/ūce
2. aham tatra āsa
3. sā bālam tutoda

• Like PPP, can act as verb, adj, noun. In all cases, it declines same as the word it qualifies.
• See it as COMMAND/FIRM SUGGESTION. Meaning, can also be used like an Imperative.
• Indicates what will  / must / ought to be done in future.
• “It is to be __ed”.  EG: It is to be obtained, desired!
• If FPP is not referring to any NOM, then decline FPP in NEUTER (NOM, SING). See EG on right >>>
• Read more.

1. Book is to be^{(will/must/ought to/should be)} read  by the boy.
   (OR if using like Imperative)
   Let the book be read  by the boy!
2. Rāma is to be united with Sīta.
3. Elephants (which) should not be heard, are heard by the boys.
4. NO NOM: It is to be protected by me.

1. pustakam^nom  bālena saha  pāṭhanīyam / paṭhitavyam / pāṭhyam
2. rāmaḥ sītayā yojanīyaḥ / yoktavyaḥ / yogyaḥ
3. hastinaḥ^nom,pl na śrotavyāḥ bālaiḥ śrūyante^passive
4. mayā goptavyam^{Neuter, Sing, Nom}

• will be VERBing.
• 2 ways to use:
  • FORM 1: Simple NOM ACC VERB.
  • FORM 2: (Left side) (Right side) sentence.
• Read more.

Simple Future STEM + [Garden PG7]^{for all 10 verb classes}

(Ignore the orange endings, as only applies to Present Participles)

FORM 1:

1. Rāma will be going to Sītā.
2. Devotee will be serving the guru.
3. Sītā will be staying in Ayodha.
4. They will be writing a Sanskrit story for the teacher.
5. I will be coming to meet you tomorrow.
6. Sītā will be fetching water from the river.
7. Rāma will be seeing Sīta to speak about food.

FORM 2:

1. (I speak) (to the man that will-be-going). 
   Literal: (I am speaking) (to the will-be-going-man).
2. (We are seeing) (clouds that will be vanishing in the sky). 
   Literal: (We see) (the will-be-vanishing-clouds in the sky).
3. (I give money) (for the woman that will be coming from the village).   
   Literal: (I give money) (for the will-be-coming-from-village woman).

FORM 1:

1. rāmaḥ sītām gamiṣyan
2. bhaktaḥ gurum seviṣyamānaḥ
3. sītā ayodhe sthāsyantī
4. te adyāpakāya saṃskṛtakathām likhiṣyantaḥ
5. aham tvām militum āgamiṣyamāṇaḥ śvaḥ
6. sītā nadyāḥ jalam prāpsyantī   ^{(pra + √āp 5P)}
7. rāmaḥ bhojanam vaditum sītām drakṣyan

FORM 2:

1. (gamiṣyamāṇam naram) (aham vadati)
   
2. (ākāśe mlaiṣyataḥ^acc,pl ghanān^acc,pl)  (vayam paśyāmaḥ)
3. (grāmāt āgamiṣyantyai^dat nāryai^dat)  (aham dhanam yacchāmi)

• Same concept as Present Passive, except: will be ___en.
• Family: Present Passive, Imperfect Passive. 

1. Bird will be eaten by the snake.
2. Houses will be made by men.
3. Rāma and Sīta will be seen in the forest.
4. Only INST + Future Passive: The horse/horses will eat. ^{(LIT: It will be eaten by the horse/horses.)} 

1. khagaḥ sarpeṇa khād(iṣya)te
2. gṛhāni naraiḥ kariṣyante
3. rāmaḥ sītā ca vane drakṣyete
4. aśvena/aśvaiḥ^inst  khādiṣyata ^{(always in Single)}

• Stating event in future (mostly tomorrow and after).
• Rare.
• Read more.

1. I will learn morality.
2. He will do meditation in the room.

1. aham dharmam paṭhitāsmi
2. sa prakoṣṭhe dhyānam kartā

• Stating event in future. More common then Periphrastic Future.
• Used interchangeably with Periphrastic future.
• Read more.

^guṇa√ + -sya -iṣya + P/Ā [Garden PG4 (43, 44)^{for all 10 verb classes}]

1. I will read the book. / I am going to read the book.

1. pustakam^acc paṭhiṣyāmi

• Everything as per above table.

• He causes ACC to ___.
• If more then two ACC in sentence, the caused ACC takes INST. EG: Rama causes Sita ^(inst) to go to forest ^(acc).
• 2 Signs to Identify: [1] 2nd/3rd letter might be long. [2] aya / ay before declension. EG: kārayat, gamayet.
  
• Construction is 100% identical to Class 10 Verbs.
• Purpose: allows verbs to be translated figuratively (implied meaning).
• Read more.

^strenghtened√  +  i (appears as either: aya / ay)  +  P/Ā

aya seen in: Present / Imperfect / Imperative / Present Participle

ay seen in: Optative / Simple Future / Periphrastic Future / Future Participle / Future Passive Participle / Infinitive / Gerund

* Some roots take ‘p‘ before aya/ay. EG: √jñā > jñāpayati

1. Mother causes boy to go. 
2. Rāma causes Sītā to go to the forest.  FIGURATIVE: Rāma leads/nudges/guides/persuades Sītā to go the forest.
3. Imperfect: Skills caused men to be protected from death.
4. Imperative: Krishna must cause Karna to unite with Pandavas!
5. Present Participle: Rāvaṇa is causing Sītā to become distressed.
6. Optative: Husband should not cause wife to abandon him.
7. Simple Future: Manthara will cause Kaikeyī to lie.
8. Gerund: Having caused Sītā to go to the forest, Rāma hugs her.
9. Infinitive: Dasharatha does not desire (to cause to discard Rāma) from Ayodha.
10. Future Passive Participle: This man is not to be caused to go outside. 
11. Present Passive: Sage caused truth to be desired in students.
12. PPP: Army was caused to be gone by enemies.  FIGURATIVE: Army was eliminated by enemies.

1. mātā  bālam gamayati
2. rāmaḥ sītyā^inst vanam gamayati
3. kauśalāḥ narān maraṇāt agopayan
4. kṛṣṇaḥ karṇam pāṇḍavaiḥ yojayatu
5. rāvaṇaḥ sītayā duḥkhitām bhāvayan
6. patiḥ patnyā tam na tyājayet
7. mantharaḥ kaikeyīm harṣayiṣyati
8. sītayā vanam gamayitvā, rāmaḥ tām svajate
9. daśarathaḥ ayodhāt (rāmam tyājayitum) na icchati
10. ayam naraḥ bahim na gamayitavya
11. muniḥ satyam śiṣyeṣu eṣyate
12. senā śatrubhiḥ gamita

• Subject desires/wishes/wants to do the VERB.
• Can create ADJ. Replace STEM'S last a with u  +  decline like [Garden PG2 (24-26)]. 
• Can create FEM NOUN. Replace STEM'S last a with ā  +  decline like Garden #2. 
• Read more.

1. Sītā (desires to go) to the forest.
2. Rāma (wants to sing) to Sita.
3. ADJ: Eager to fight Rāma (wants to conquer) the army.
4. NOUN: I (desire to do) analysis on self.

1. sītā vanam jigamiṣati
2. rāmaḥ sītām jigāsati
3. yuyutsuḥ rāmaḥ senām jigīṣati
4. aham ātmani mīmāṃsām cikīrṣāmi

• Verb & Adverb COMBINED in a single verb. EG: Rāma shines strongly :  rāma jājvalati
• English equivalent: “What the hell is going on here? / I am bloody well going to do it”. In English, Intensive is an adverb (hell, bloody, etc). In Sanskrit, Intensive is the actual verb.
• Intensive has 3 ways of showing intensity: “He/she goes [1] strongly (INTENSITY)  [2] repeatedly (FREQUENCY)  [3] crookedly (WITH DIFFICULTY)”. 
  • Context tells which one it is.
• Rare (mostly found in Vedic Sanskrit).
• Read more.

Construction has 2 forms:

Form 1: Always take Parasmaipada. Has 2 styles.

• Form 1, Style 1: Reduplication ^{(apply guṇa to vowel)}  +  apply guṇa to √root  +  P
• Form 1, Style 2: Reduplication ^{(apply guṇa to vowel)}  +  √root  +   ī  +   P

Form 2: Always takes Ātmanepada.

• Reduplication ^{(apply guṇa to vowel)}  +  √root  +   ya   +   Ā

1. DIFFICULTY: Rāma cuts the cake badly. 
2. DIFFICULTY: Man walks crookedly to doctor.
3. FREQUENCY: Sītā dances repeatedly for Rāma.
4. INTENSITY: Rāmā strongly leads the army.

1. rāmaḥ modakam lolupyate
2. naraḥ vaidyam jaṅgamyate
3. sītā rāmāya narīnṛtyate
4. rāmaḥ senām nenīyate

• A noun converted into a verb.  English eg: He hands the cup to me. The sky blackens. Ravana's wisdom didn't blossom.
• Verb can indicate: He/she/it [1] becomes the noun, [2] acts or behaves like/be similar to the noun, [3] desires the noun, [4] performs/does/produces the noun, [5] regards/treats as the noun, [6] makes into the noun.
• Final vowel of noun may be adjusted (usual to ī) or  lengthened. EG: putra (son) > putrīyati  (He desires a son).  |  gopa (cow protector) > gopāyati  (He protects)
• NOTE: In Classical Sanskrit, ANY noun can join any form of √kṛ 8U or √bhū 1P. The noun may have small changes, especially in last letter.
  1. NOUN + √bhū 1P = He becomes like a NOUN / He becomes NOUN. EG: stambha + bhavati = stambhībhavati: He becomes like a post.
  2. NOUN + √kṛ 8U = He makes NOUN. EG: surabhi + karoti = surabhīkaroti: He makes fragrant.
• Read more.

NOUN STEM  +  ya  +  P/Ā [Garden PG4 (43-50)]

• BECOMES:
  1. The sky blackens.  ^{(LIT: The sky becomes black.)} 
• ACTS LIKE / BE SIMILAR TO:
  1. Rāma acts like a king to his father.
  2. Kṛṣṇa acts like the Lord.
  3. Rāma protects the good.  ^{(LIT: Rāma behaves like a cow protector.)}
• DESIRES/WISHES:
  1. Rāma wishes a son.
  2. Woman wishes a poet / king.
  3. Employee desires a salary.
• PERFORMS/DOES/PRODUCES:
  1. Devotee performs homeage to Rāma.
  2. I perform austerity.
  3. They are taking long time/delaying to arrive.  ^{(LIT: They are performing/doing long time for arrival.)}
• REGARDS/TREATS:
  1. Guru regards/treats student as a son.
     
• MAKES INTO:
  1. He makes the work easier.

• BECOMES:
  1. ākāśaḥ kṛṣṇāyate ^{(kṛṣṇa: black)}
• ACTS LIKE / BE SIMILAR TO:
  
  1. rāmaḥ tasya pitaram rājāyate  ^{(rājan: king)}
  2. kṛṣṇaḥ kṛṣṇāyate  ^{(kṛṣṇa: Lord)}
  3. rāmaḥ sādhum gopāyati  ^{(gopa: cow protector)}
     
• DESIRES/WISHES:
  1. rāmaḥ putrīyati
  2. nārī kavīyati / rājīyati
  3. karmakaraḥ vetanīyati
• PERFORMS/DOES/PRODUCES:
  1. bhaktaḥ rāmāya namasyati  ^{(namas: homeage)}
  2. aham tapasyāmi  ^{(tapas: austerity)}
  3. te āgamanāya cirayati  ^{(cira: long time)}
     
• REGARDS/TREATS:
  1. guruḥ śiṣyam putrīyati  ^{(Without denominative: guruḥ śiṣyam putram iva ācarati)}
• MAKES INTO:
  1. sa kāryam laghayati ^{(laghu: easy)}